Suchergebnisse

Maintaining freedom of the seas -- Identification of excessive maritime claims -- Historic bays, historic waters and historic righ -- Baselines -- Territorial sea -- Contiguous zone -- Exclusive economic zone -- Continental shelf -- Archipelagos -- Islands and other maritime features -- In the territorial sea -- Straits used for international navigation -- Overflight restrictions -- Navigation and overflight in Archipelagos -- Navigation in exclusive economic zones -- Marine data collection -- Submarine cables and pipelines -- Polar areas -- Environmental protection and resource conservation -- Sovereign Immunity and sunken ships -- Maritime law enforcement -- The future of U.S. ocean policy.

Dealing with pirates off the coast of Somalia in the Gulf of Aden and the western Indian Ocean over the past two-plus years has highlighted the international law applicable to countering piracy at sea and the role of international institutions in that effort. This essay seeks to illuminate related issues with a view to improving counterpiracy action.

The law of naval warfare as it existed in 1899 and as it is understood in 1999 exhibits a few similarities but many differences. The fundamental similarity is that the law of naval warfare can be seen, then as now, as consisting primarily of customary international law. The many differences in this law have been caused by the major changes in war at sea and the law of the sea. In 1899 war at sea meant combat primarily by gunfire between surface warships, control of maritime commerce, and shore bombardment. Today, war at sea also involves nuclear-powered aircraft carriers; supersonic aircraft, helicopters and tilt-rotor aircraft; submarines; high-speed patrol craft; ballistic, cruise, and other guided missiles; long-range secure communications for command, control, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; radar; underwater sound technology; electronic and information warfare; satellites in space; unmanned aerial and undersea vehicles; and stealth and computer technology; as well as expeditionary and amphibious capabilities. Nevertheless, the fundamental role of navies continues to be to establish control at sea or to deny it to the enemy, linking that control to broad political and economic issues ashore. In view of these constants and changes, this article reviews the state of the law of naval warfare at the end of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and assesses its future prospects.

On October 30, 1984, French divers located the wreck of the CSS Alabama in 180 feet of water about seven miles off the Normandy coast of Cherbourg. A Confederate raider, the Alabama sank after a battle with the USS Kearsarge on June 19, 1864. French researchers dove to the wreck in November 1987.

Los Estados Unidos consideran que muchas de las disposiciones del Protocolo I adicional a los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 codifican normas de derecho internacional consuetudinario o reflejan lo que ese derecho debería ser. La visión de los Estados Unidos del artículo 90 relativo a la Comisión Internacional de Encuesta se sitúa en esa perspectiva. En su análisis de los Protocolos, la Junta de jefes de Estado Mayor de EE.UU. (Joint Chiefs of Staff, JCS) expresa el punto de vista del Departamento de Defensa estadounidense sobre el artículo 90 como sigue: